FURTHER DETAILS REGARDING MAIN TOPICS OF
PROGRAMME No. 04/2018 (Item No.16)
HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHER
(JUNIOR) BOTANY
KERALA HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION
(Category No.334/2017)
MODULE -1
PHYCOLOGY
1.
Classification of algae - Fritsch and Smith 2. Recent trends in classifications 3. General features of algae - thallus organization, vegetation, sexual and asexual reproduction and life cycle 4. Pattern of life cycle and salient features of the following classes: Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta 5. Economic importances of algae : Biofertilizers, Food industry, Industrial and medicinal importances, algal bloom MYCOLOGY 1. Classification of fungi - Alexopoulos and Mims (1979), Ainsworth and Bisby (1983) 2. General features of fungi - thallus structure, cell wall structure, heterothallism, parasexuality and reproduction 3. Salient features of following classes- Myxomycota, Mastigomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Deuteromycota 4. Fungal associations - symbiosis, saprophytism, mycorrhiza, endophytes, lichens 5. Economic importances of fungi - degradation of pesticides and wastes, decomposition of organic matter, degradation of lignin, significances in medicine and industry, fungal toxins and human health PLANT PATHOLOGY 1. Principles of plant pathology - biotic and abiotic agents and various symptoms of plant diseases 2. Process of infection and defense mechanisms - enzymes, toxins, structural and biochemical defense systems 3. Disease management - chemical, biological and quarantine measures 4. Common diseases of crops in Kerala - paddy, coconut, rubber, arecanut, pepper, ginger, cardamom, coffee and tea BRYOLOGY 1. General account on morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the following groups: Hepaticopsida, Anthoceratopsida and Bryopsida 2. Origin, evolution and economic importances of bryophytes - indicators of pollution, horticulture, medicine etc.. PTERIDOLOGY 1. General account on morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the following groups -Psilopsida, Psilotopsida, Lycopsida, Sphaenopsida and Pteropsida 2. Heterospory, seed habit, stelar evolution 3. Economic importances of pteridophytes - as biofertilizers, in horticulture, medicine, ecological indicators, as weed, in food industry GYMNOSPERMS 1. General account on morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the following groups -cycadopsida, coniferopsida and gnetopsida 2. Economic importances of gymnosperms MICROBIOLOGY 1. Bacteria: ultra structure, major groups, nutritional types and reproduction 2. Viruses: ultrastructure, major groups, nutritional types, replication 3. Brief account on phones, viroids, virions, mycoplasmas, interferons, actinomycetes, bacteriophages 4. Economic importances of microbes- in ecology, food, industry, medicine, agriculture and other industries PALAEOBOTANY 1. Geological time scale and evolution of plant groups 2. Types of fossilization 3. Fossil pteridophytes and gymnosperms MODULE-II ANGIOSPERM ANATOMY 1.Tissues - meristem, secretory and excretory tissues, primary and secondary tissues 2. Anatomy of stem, root and leaf - both primary and secondary structure in stem and root 3. Anomalous secondary growth in dicot and monocot stems 4. Brief account of nodal anatory, wood anatomy and floral anatomy MICROTECHNIQUE 1. Tools in microtechnique -microscopy, micrometry, camera lucida, cryostat, microtomes (rotary and sledge) 2. Fixing, killing, dehydration, clearing, embedding, staining and mounting - reagents used in each step 3. Brief account on vital staining, double staining, whole mount, maceration and histochemical tests for carbohydrates, proteins and lipids EMBRYOLOGY 1. Microsporogenesis and male gametophyte development 2. Megasporogenesis and embryosac development 3. Pollination, fertilization and embryogeny in both monocots and dicots 4. Endosperm types, polyembryony, parthenocarpy and apmixis PALYNOLOGY 1. Ultrastructure of pollen wall, pollen morphology, - NPC system of classification of pollen apertures 2. Contributions of Dr. PKK. Nair to palynology 3. Palynology in relation to taxonomy 4. Aeropalynology and melittopalynology and pollen allergy PLANT BREEDING 1. Methods in crop improvement and achievements - plant introduction, selection, mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding and hybridization 2. Consequences of inbreeding, heterosis and incompatibility 3. Back cross breeding, resistance breeding (disease resistance and stress resistance), vertical and horizontal resistances 4. Seed production and certification, major centres of crop production in India 5. Plant breeder's rights, national biodiversitypolicy 6. Methods of vegetative propagation of plants EVOLUTION 1. Origin of life - theories of evolution, classical and modern 2. Speciation MODULE-III TAXONOMY 1. Principles of taxonomy - plant nomenclature, taxonomic hierarchy, phylogeny of angiosperms, taxonomic keys 2. Classification systems - artificial, natural and phylogenetic 3. Interdisciplinary approaches to angiosperm systematic (anatomy, embryology, morphology, cytology, palynology, chemotaxonomy, numerical taxonomy, molecular taxonomy) 4. Study of the following families and their characteristic features: Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae, Capparidaceae, Polygalaceae, Cryophyllaceae, Malvaceae, Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, Melastomaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, Scitamineae, Liliaceae, Commelinaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae. MORPHOLOGY 1. Flower as a modifiedshoot 2. Floral whorls and their parts - fruits and seed morphology 3. Vegetative morphology = leaf, root and stem ECONOMIC BOTANY 1. Common cereals, millets and pulses 2. Vegetables, spices, beverages crops 3. Timbers, fibres, sugar and oil yielding crops 4. Medicinal plants ETHONOBOTANY 1.Methods of ethnobotanical studies 2. Contributions of SK. Jain to ethnobotany 3. Common plants of ethnobotanical importance in Kerala 4. Sacred groves and their importance PHYTOGEOGRAPHY 1. Factors affecting plant distribution 2. Phytogeographic zones of India 3. Soil, climate and vegetation of India FOREST BOTANY 1. Major and minor forest products with special reference to Kerala 2. Significances of forest on environment 3. Consequences of deforestation and industrialization ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 1. Habitat ecology - terrestrial, fresh water, wet land and marine 2. Population ecology - community ecology and ecological succession 3. Ecosystems - structure, function and types and biomes , 4. Species interactions - competitions, herbivory, carnivory, symbiosis etc.. 5. Biogeochemical cycles and environmental pollution - air, water and noise 6. Global environmental problems - ozone depletion, global warming, acid rain, nuclear hazards, Elnino, climate change, 7. Environmental impact assessment and major programmes - UNEP, IUCN, MAB, Earth Summit, CBD MODULE - IV CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1. A brief account on structure, function of cells and cell organelles, - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cytoskeleton - organization and mobility 2. Origin, Ultrastructure and function of cell membrane, cell organelles 3. Chemistry of chromosome - DNA, RNA, kinetochore, NOR and constriction of chromosomes 4. Numerical and structural variations of chromosomes 5. Cell divisions - stages, synaptonemal complexe, theories and mechanism of crossing over and molecular mechanism of crossing over 6. Cell differentiation - characteristics and mechanisms 7. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication 8. Molecular nature of genes 9. Molecular tools for studying genes and gene activities 10. Techniques of DNA analysis - preparation of DNA and RNA probes, hybridization, autoradiography, DNA finger printing 11. DNA sequencing, chemical synthesis of nucleotides 12. PCR and FISH and their applications GENETICS 1. Mendelian genetics and gene interation 2. Linkage and crossing over, gene mapping 3. Polygenic inheritance 4. Extra chromosomal inheritanace 5. Microbial genetics - transduction, transformation and conjugation in bacteria, Lysogeny and lytic cycle in viruses 6. Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA types, structure, function and replication 7. Mutations, DNA damage and repair 8. Genetic code and gene expressions - protein synthesis, gene regulations - prokaryotes and eukaryotes 9. Translation, post translation and post transcription 10. Gene synthesis - Khorana -Kornberg 11. Population genetics - Hardey-Weinberg equilibrium - genetic drift, genetic load, consanguinity and its genetic effects 12. Human genetics - blood group systems - ABO, Rh and MN blood groups, human karyotype and syndromes caused by its aberrations, genetic counseling, pedigree analysis 13. Brief account of human genome project MODULE-V PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1. Water relation to plants - absorption and transpiration of water - opening and closing of stomata - factors affecting water transport 2. Mineral nutrition - hydroponics, aeroponics 3. Nitrogen metabolism in plants 4. Photosynthesis - C3, C4 and CAM cycle in detail, photorespiration 5. Respiration - oxidative photophosphorylation 6. Ascent of sap - source and sink relationship 7. Growth and development - role of phytohormones, photoperiodism, vernalization, florigines 8. Stress physiology - water, salt, hot and cold stress - heat shock proteins, adaptations 9. Seed germination - physiological and biochemical changes BIOCHEMISTRY 1. Carbohydrates - structure, function and metabolism, inter conversion 2. Lipids - structure, function and metabolism, biosynthesis of fatty acids, alpha and beta oxidation 3. Amino acids and proteins - structure and properties and classification of amino acids and proteins, amino acid metabolism, Ramachandran plot, verification of proteins 4. Enzymes - major groups, relation of enzyme activity, enzyme kinetics, assay, regulation, allosteric enzymes, isoenzymes, ribioenzymes, coenzymes 5. Vitamins - classification, function and sources of vitamins and their role as co-enzymes BIOPHYSICS 1. pH and buffers 2. Microscopy - bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent and electron microscope (SEM and TEM), photometry, colorimetry 3. Chromatogram - gel filteration, ion exchange, affinity, TLC, GC, HPLC, HPTLC, GCMS 4. Electrophoresis - AGE, PAGE, SDS-PAGE, isoelectrofocusing, ELISA 5. Centrifugation - density gradient and ultra centrifugation 6. Biophysical methods for analysis of biopolymers - x-ray diffraction, fluorescent, NMR spectroscopy, UV, visible and ESR spectroscopy, ORD/CD, atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy 7. Radiation dosimetry, radioactive isotopes, autoradiography, Cerenkov radiation, liquid scintillation techniques BIOSTATISTICS 1. Sampling methods and errors 2. Process and presentation of data - tables and graphs 3. Measures of central tendency - mean, median, mode 4. Measures of dispersion - range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation and coefficient of variations 5. Probability - basic concept, theorems 6. Experimental design - randomnized block, latin square 7. Tests of significance - T-tests, Chi-square, F-tests, ANOVA 8. Correlation and regression analysis MODULE - VI BIOTECHNOLOGY 1. Plant tissue culture techniques - direct and indirect regeneration 2. Somatic cell genetics and somatic clonal variations 3. Somatic embryogenesis - artificial seeds, protoplast culture, somatic hybridization, impacts in plant breeding 4. Haploid production- anther and ovule culture - applications 5. Production of secondary metabolites - cell immobilization - bioreactor technology, in vitro strategies of germplasm conservation 6. Isolation of genomic and organellar DNA. Methods of gene identification - vector mediated and vectorless PCR, genomioc and cDNA libraries 7. Gene transfer techniques - direct and indirect traspossors as vectors - gene silencing 8. DNA markers - RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and Antisense RNA 9. Blotting techniques - Northern, Southern and West 10. Transgenic biology - gene cloning and transformation technique in plants-gene targeting and sequence tag 11. Genetically modified organisms and foods, social and ethical considerations, IPR issues, patents and biopiracy 5. BIOINFORMATICS 6. Introduction to data structures, data base concepts, tools for searching, homology searching 7. Application of databases in biology 8. Sequence databases .sequence comparison, structural databases, proteomics and genomics (elementary) 9. Major bioinformatic resources - NCBI, EBI, EMBL, GENBANK, DDBJ, SWISSPROT, PDB 10. Tools in bioinformatics - BLAST, CLUSTAL -X, CLUSTAL-W, Phylip, GENSCAN 11. Applications of bioinformatics - transcriptomix, metabolomics, pharmacogenomics (brief account only) COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 1. Computer application in biology 2. Computer packages for biostatistics and numerical taxonomy 3. Hardware and software parts of a computer 4. Internet online biology resources, public library of sciences, online publications, electronic journals and books MODULE – VII Recent developments in Botany PART II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY/TEACHING APTITUDE I. TEACHING APTITUDE Teaching: Nature, objectives, characteristics and basic requirements; Learner's characteristics; Factors affecting teaching; Methods of teaching; Teaching aids; Evaluation systems. II. RESEARCH APTITUDE Research: Meaning, Characteristics and types; Steps of research; Methods of research; Research Ethics; Paper, article, workshop, seminar, conference and symposium; Thesis writing: its characteristics and format. PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND CURRENT AFFAIRS SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION Salient features of the Constitution - Preamble- Its significance and its place in the interpretation of the Constitution. Fundamental Rights - Directive Principles of State Policy - Relation between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles - Fundamental Duties. Executive - Legislature - Judiciary - Both at Union and State Level. - Other Constitutional Authorities. Centre-State Relations - Legislative - Administrative and Financial. Services under the Union and the States. Emergency Provisions. Amendment Provisions of the Constitution. Social Welfare Legislations and Programmes Social Service Legislations like Right to Information Act, Prevention of atrocities against Women & Children, Food Security Act, Environmental Acts etc. and Social Welfare Programmes like Employment Guarantee Programme, Organ and Blood Donation etc. PART IV RENAISSANCE IN KERALA TOWARDS A NEW SOCIETY Introduction to English education - various missionary organisations and their functioningfounding of educational institutions, factories, printing press etc. EFFORTS TO REFORM THE SOCIETY (A) Socio-Religious reform Movements SNDP Yogam, Nair Service Society, Yogakshema Sabha, Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham, Vaala Samudaya Parishkarani Sabha, Samathwa Samajam, Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham, Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha, Sahodara Prasthanam etc. (B) Struggles and Social Revolts Upper cloth revolts.Channar agitation, Vaikom Sathyagraha, Guruvayoor Sathyagraha, Paliyam Sathyagraha. Kuttamkulam Sathyagraha, Temple Entry Proclamation, Temple Entry Act .Malyalee Memorial, Ezhava Memorial etc. Malabar riots, Civil Disobedience Movement, Abstention movement etc. ROLE OF PRESS IN RENAISSANCE Malayalee, Swadeshabhimani, Vivekodayam, Mithavadi, Swaraj, Malayala Manorama, Bhashaposhini, Mathnubhoomi, Kerala Kaumudi, Samadarsi, Kesari, AI-Ameen, Prabhatham, Yukthivadi, etc AWAKENING THROUGH LITERATURE Novel, Drama, Poetry, Purogamana Sahithya Prasthanam, Nataka Prashtanam, Library movement etc WOMEN AND SOCIAL CHANGE Parvathi Nenmenimangalam, Arya Pallam, A V Kuttimalu Amma, Lalitha Prabhu.Akkamma Cheriyan, Anna Chandi, Lalithambika Antharjanam and others LEADERS OF RENAISSANCE Thycaud Ayya Vaikundar, Sree Narayana Guru, Ayyan Kali.Chattampi Swamikal, Brahmananda Sivayogi, Vagbhadananda, Poikayil Yohannan(Kumara Guru) Dr Palpu, Palakkunnath Abraham Malpan, Mampuram Thangal, Sahodaran Ayyappan, Pandit K P Karuppan, Pampadi John Joseph, Mannathu Padmanabhan, V T Bhattathirippad, Vakkom Abdul Khadar Maulavi, Makthi Thangal, Blessed Elias Kuriakose Chaavra, Barrister G P Pillai, TK Madhavan, Moorkoth Kumaran, C. Krishnan, K P Kesava Menon, Dr.Ayyathan Gopalan, C V Kunjuraman, Kuroor Neelakantan Namboothiripad, Velukkutty Arayan, K P Vellon, P K Chathan Master, K Kelappan, P. Krishna Pillai, A K Gopalan, T R Krishnaswami Iyer, C Kesavan. Swami Ananda Theerthan , M C Joseph, Kuttippuzha Krishnapillai and others LITERARY FIGURES Kodungallur Kunhikkuttan Thampuran, KeralaVarma Valiyakoyi Thampuran, Kandathil Varghesc Mappila. Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon, Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer, G Sankara Kurup, Changampuzha Krishna Pillai, Chandu Menon, Vaikom Muhammad Basheer. Kesav Dev, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, Ponkunnam Varky, S K Pottakkad and others Module X (b ) General Knowledge and Current Affairs
Classification of algae - Fritsch and Smith 2. Recent trends in classifications 3. General features of algae - thallus organization, vegetation, sexual and asexual reproduction and life cycle 4. Pattern of life cycle and salient features of the following classes: Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta 5. Economic importances of algae : Biofertilizers, Food industry, Industrial and medicinal importances, algal bloom MYCOLOGY 1. Classification of fungi - Alexopoulos and Mims (1979), Ainsworth and Bisby (1983) 2. General features of fungi - thallus structure, cell wall structure, heterothallism, parasexuality and reproduction 3. Salient features of following classes- Myxomycota, Mastigomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Deuteromycota 4. Fungal associations - symbiosis, saprophytism, mycorrhiza, endophytes, lichens 5. Economic importances of fungi - degradation of pesticides and wastes, decomposition of organic matter, degradation of lignin, significances in medicine and industry, fungal toxins and human health PLANT PATHOLOGY 1. Principles of plant pathology - biotic and abiotic agents and various symptoms of plant diseases 2. Process of infection and defense mechanisms - enzymes, toxins, structural and biochemical defense systems 3. Disease management - chemical, biological and quarantine measures 4. Common diseases of crops in Kerala - paddy, coconut, rubber, arecanut, pepper, ginger, cardamom, coffee and tea BRYOLOGY 1. General account on morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the following groups: Hepaticopsida, Anthoceratopsida and Bryopsida 2. Origin, evolution and economic importances of bryophytes - indicators of pollution, horticulture, medicine etc.. PTERIDOLOGY 1. General account on morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the following groups -Psilopsida, Psilotopsida, Lycopsida, Sphaenopsida and Pteropsida 2. Heterospory, seed habit, stelar evolution 3. Economic importances of pteridophytes - as biofertilizers, in horticulture, medicine, ecological indicators, as weed, in food industry GYMNOSPERMS 1. General account on morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the following groups -cycadopsida, coniferopsida and gnetopsida 2. Economic importances of gymnosperms MICROBIOLOGY 1. Bacteria: ultra structure, major groups, nutritional types and reproduction 2. Viruses: ultrastructure, major groups, nutritional types, replication 3. Brief account on phones, viroids, virions, mycoplasmas, interferons, actinomycetes, bacteriophages 4. Economic importances of microbes- in ecology, food, industry, medicine, agriculture and other industries PALAEOBOTANY 1. Geological time scale and evolution of plant groups 2. Types of fossilization 3. Fossil pteridophytes and gymnosperms MODULE-II ANGIOSPERM ANATOMY 1.Tissues - meristem, secretory and excretory tissues, primary and secondary tissues 2. Anatomy of stem, root and leaf - both primary and secondary structure in stem and root 3. Anomalous secondary growth in dicot and monocot stems 4. Brief account of nodal anatory, wood anatomy and floral anatomy MICROTECHNIQUE 1. Tools in microtechnique -microscopy, micrometry, camera lucida, cryostat, microtomes (rotary and sledge) 2. Fixing, killing, dehydration, clearing, embedding, staining and mounting - reagents used in each step 3. Brief account on vital staining, double staining, whole mount, maceration and histochemical tests for carbohydrates, proteins and lipids EMBRYOLOGY 1. Microsporogenesis and male gametophyte development 2. Megasporogenesis and embryosac development 3. Pollination, fertilization and embryogeny in both monocots and dicots 4. Endosperm types, polyembryony, parthenocarpy and apmixis PALYNOLOGY 1. Ultrastructure of pollen wall, pollen morphology, - NPC system of classification of pollen apertures 2. Contributions of Dr. PKK. Nair to palynology 3. Palynology in relation to taxonomy 4. Aeropalynology and melittopalynology and pollen allergy PLANT BREEDING 1. Methods in crop improvement and achievements - plant introduction, selection, mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding and hybridization 2. Consequences of inbreeding, heterosis and incompatibility 3. Back cross breeding, resistance breeding (disease resistance and stress resistance), vertical and horizontal resistances 4. Seed production and certification, major centres of crop production in India 5. Plant breeder's rights, national biodiversitypolicy 6. Methods of vegetative propagation of plants EVOLUTION 1. Origin of life - theories of evolution, classical and modern 2. Speciation MODULE-III TAXONOMY 1. Principles of taxonomy - plant nomenclature, taxonomic hierarchy, phylogeny of angiosperms, taxonomic keys 2. Classification systems - artificial, natural and phylogenetic 3. Interdisciplinary approaches to angiosperm systematic (anatomy, embryology, morphology, cytology, palynology, chemotaxonomy, numerical taxonomy, molecular taxonomy) 4. Study of the following families and their characteristic features: Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae, Capparidaceae, Polygalaceae, Cryophyllaceae, Malvaceae, Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, Melastomaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, Scitamineae, Liliaceae, Commelinaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae. MORPHOLOGY 1. Flower as a modifiedshoot 2. Floral whorls and their parts - fruits and seed morphology 3. Vegetative morphology = leaf, root and stem ECONOMIC BOTANY 1. Common cereals, millets and pulses 2. Vegetables, spices, beverages crops 3. Timbers, fibres, sugar and oil yielding crops 4. Medicinal plants ETHONOBOTANY 1.Methods of ethnobotanical studies 2. Contributions of SK. Jain to ethnobotany 3. Common plants of ethnobotanical importance in Kerala 4. Sacred groves and their importance PHYTOGEOGRAPHY 1. Factors affecting plant distribution 2. Phytogeographic zones of India 3. Soil, climate and vegetation of India FOREST BOTANY 1. Major and minor forest products with special reference to Kerala 2. Significances of forest on environment 3. Consequences of deforestation and industrialization ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 1. Habitat ecology - terrestrial, fresh water, wet land and marine 2. Population ecology - community ecology and ecological succession 3. Ecosystems - structure, function and types and biomes , 4. Species interactions - competitions, herbivory, carnivory, symbiosis etc.. 5. Biogeochemical cycles and environmental pollution - air, water and noise 6. Global environmental problems - ozone depletion, global warming, acid rain, nuclear hazards, Elnino, climate change, 7. Environmental impact assessment and major programmes - UNEP, IUCN, MAB, Earth Summit, CBD MODULE - IV CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1. A brief account on structure, function of cells and cell organelles, - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cytoskeleton - organization and mobility 2. Origin, Ultrastructure and function of cell membrane, cell organelles 3. Chemistry of chromosome - DNA, RNA, kinetochore, NOR and constriction of chromosomes 4. Numerical and structural variations of chromosomes 5. Cell divisions - stages, synaptonemal complexe, theories and mechanism of crossing over and molecular mechanism of crossing over 6. Cell differentiation - characteristics and mechanisms 7. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication 8. Molecular nature of genes 9. Molecular tools for studying genes and gene activities 10. Techniques of DNA analysis - preparation of DNA and RNA probes, hybridization, autoradiography, DNA finger printing 11. DNA sequencing, chemical synthesis of nucleotides 12. PCR and FISH and their applications GENETICS 1. Mendelian genetics and gene interation 2. Linkage and crossing over, gene mapping 3. Polygenic inheritance 4. Extra chromosomal inheritanace 5. Microbial genetics - transduction, transformation and conjugation in bacteria, Lysogeny and lytic cycle in viruses 6. Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA types, structure, function and replication 7. Mutations, DNA damage and repair 8. Genetic code and gene expressions - protein synthesis, gene regulations - prokaryotes and eukaryotes 9. Translation, post translation and post transcription 10. Gene synthesis - Khorana -Kornberg 11. Population genetics - Hardey-Weinberg equilibrium - genetic drift, genetic load, consanguinity and its genetic effects 12. Human genetics - blood group systems - ABO, Rh and MN blood groups, human karyotype and syndromes caused by its aberrations, genetic counseling, pedigree analysis 13. Brief account of human genome project MODULE-V PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1. Water relation to plants - absorption and transpiration of water - opening and closing of stomata - factors affecting water transport 2. Mineral nutrition - hydroponics, aeroponics 3. Nitrogen metabolism in plants 4. Photosynthesis - C3, C4 and CAM cycle in detail, photorespiration 5. Respiration - oxidative photophosphorylation 6. Ascent of sap - source and sink relationship 7. Growth and development - role of phytohormones, photoperiodism, vernalization, florigines 8. Stress physiology - water, salt, hot and cold stress - heat shock proteins, adaptations 9. Seed germination - physiological and biochemical changes BIOCHEMISTRY 1. Carbohydrates - structure, function and metabolism, inter conversion 2. Lipids - structure, function and metabolism, biosynthesis of fatty acids, alpha and beta oxidation 3. Amino acids and proteins - structure and properties and classification of amino acids and proteins, amino acid metabolism, Ramachandran plot, verification of proteins 4. Enzymes - major groups, relation of enzyme activity, enzyme kinetics, assay, regulation, allosteric enzymes, isoenzymes, ribioenzymes, coenzymes 5. Vitamins - classification, function and sources of vitamins and their role as co-enzymes BIOPHYSICS 1. pH and buffers 2. Microscopy - bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent and electron microscope (SEM and TEM), photometry, colorimetry 3. Chromatogram - gel filteration, ion exchange, affinity, TLC, GC, HPLC, HPTLC, GCMS 4. Electrophoresis - AGE, PAGE, SDS-PAGE, isoelectrofocusing, ELISA 5. Centrifugation - density gradient and ultra centrifugation 6. Biophysical methods for analysis of biopolymers - x-ray diffraction, fluorescent, NMR spectroscopy, UV, visible and ESR spectroscopy, ORD/CD, atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy 7. Radiation dosimetry, radioactive isotopes, autoradiography, Cerenkov radiation, liquid scintillation techniques BIOSTATISTICS 1. Sampling methods and errors 2. Process and presentation of data - tables and graphs 3. Measures of central tendency - mean, median, mode 4. Measures of dispersion - range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation and coefficient of variations 5. Probability - basic concept, theorems 6. Experimental design - randomnized block, latin square 7. Tests of significance - T-tests, Chi-square, F-tests, ANOVA 8. Correlation and regression analysis MODULE - VI BIOTECHNOLOGY 1. Plant tissue culture techniques - direct and indirect regeneration 2. Somatic cell genetics and somatic clonal variations 3. Somatic embryogenesis - artificial seeds, protoplast culture, somatic hybridization, impacts in plant breeding 4. Haploid production- anther and ovule culture - applications 5. Production of secondary metabolites - cell immobilization - bioreactor technology, in vitro strategies of germplasm conservation 6. Isolation of genomic and organellar DNA. Methods of gene identification - vector mediated and vectorless PCR, genomioc and cDNA libraries 7. Gene transfer techniques - direct and indirect traspossors as vectors - gene silencing 8. DNA markers - RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and Antisense RNA 9. Blotting techniques - Northern, Southern and West 10. Transgenic biology - gene cloning and transformation technique in plants-gene targeting and sequence tag 11. Genetically modified organisms and foods, social and ethical considerations, IPR issues, patents and biopiracy 5. BIOINFORMATICS 6. Introduction to data structures, data base concepts, tools for searching, homology searching 7. Application of databases in biology 8. Sequence databases .sequence comparison, structural databases, proteomics and genomics (elementary) 9. Major bioinformatic resources - NCBI, EBI, EMBL, GENBANK, DDBJ, SWISSPROT, PDB 10. Tools in bioinformatics - BLAST, CLUSTAL -X, CLUSTAL-W, Phylip, GENSCAN 11. Applications of bioinformatics - transcriptomix, metabolomics, pharmacogenomics (brief account only) COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 1. Computer application in biology 2. Computer packages for biostatistics and numerical taxonomy 3. Hardware and software parts of a computer 4. Internet online biology resources, public library of sciences, online publications, electronic journals and books MODULE – VII Recent developments in Botany PART II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY/TEACHING APTITUDE I. TEACHING APTITUDE Teaching: Nature, objectives, characteristics and basic requirements; Learner's characteristics; Factors affecting teaching; Methods of teaching; Teaching aids; Evaluation systems. II. RESEARCH APTITUDE Research: Meaning, Characteristics and types; Steps of research; Methods of research; Research Ethics; Paper, article, workshop, seminar, conference and symposium; Thesis writing: its characteristics and format. PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND CURRENT AFFAIRS SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION Salient features of the Constitution - Preamble- Its significance and its place in the interpretation of the Constitution. Fundamental Rights - Directive Principles of State Policy - Relation between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles - Fundamental Duties. Executive - Legislature - Judiciary - Both at Union and State Level. - Other Constitutional Authorities. Centre-State Relations - Legislative - Administrative and Financial. Services under the Union and the States. Emergency Provisions. Amendment Provisions of the Constitution. Social Welfare Legislations and Programmes Social Service Legislations like Right to Information Act, Prevention of atrocities against Women & Children, Food Security Act, Environmental Acts etc. and Social Welfare Programmes like Employment Guarantee Programme, Organ and Blood Donation etc. PART IV RENAISSANCE IN KERALA TOWARDS A NEW SOCIETY Introduction to English education - various missionary organisations and their functioningfounding of educational institutions, factories, printing press etc. EFFORTS TO REFORM THE SOCIETY (A) Socio-Religious reform Movements SNDP Yogam, Nair Service Society, Yogakshema Sabha, Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham, Vaala Samudaya Parishkarani Sabha, Samathwa Samajam, Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham, Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha, Sahodara Prasthanam etc. (B) Struggles and Social Revolts Upper cloth revolts.Channar agitation, Vaikom Sathyagraha, Guruvayoor Sathyagraha, Paliyam Sathyagraha. Kuttamkulam Sathyagraha, Temple Entry Proclamation, Temple Entry Act .Malyalee Memorial, Ezhava Memorial etc. Malabar riots, Civil Disobedience Movement, Abstention movement etc. ROLE OF PRESS IN RENAISSANCE Malayalee, Swadeshabhimani, Vivekodayam, Mithavadi, Swaraj, Malayala Manorama, Bhashaposhini, Mathnubhoomi, Kerala Kaumudi, Samadarsi, Kesari, AI-Ameen, Prabhatham, Yukthivadi, etc AWAKENING THROUGH LITERATURE Novel, Drama, Poetry, Purogamana Sahithya Prasthanam, Nataka Prashtanam, Library movement etc WOMEN AND SOCIAL CHANGE Parvathi Nenmenimangalam, Arya Pallam, A V Kuttimalu Amma, Lalitha Prabhu.Akkamma Cheriyan, Anna Chandi, Lalithambika Antharjanam and others LEADERS OF RENAISSANCE Thycaud Ayya Vaikundar, Sree Narayana Guru, Ayyan Kali.Chattampi Swamikal, Brahmananda Sivayogi, Vagbhadananda, Poikayil Yohannan(Kumara Guru) Dr Palpu, Palakkunnath Abraham Malpan, Mampuram Thangal, Sahodaran Ayyappan, Pandit K P Karuppan, Pampadi John Joseph, Mannathu Padmanabhan, V T Bhattathirippad, Vakkom Abdul Khadar Maulavi, Makthi Thangal, Blessed Elias Kuriakose Chaavra, Barrister G P Pillai, TK Madhavan, Moorkoth Kumaran, C. Krishnan, K P Kesava Menon, Dr.Ayyathan Gopalan, C V Kunjuraman, Kuroor Neelakantan Namboothiripad, Velukkutty Arayan, K P Vellon, P K Chathan Master, K Kelappan, P. Krishna Pillai, A K Gopalan, T R Krishnaswami Iyer, C Kesavan. Swami Ananda Theerthan , M C Joseph, Kuttippuzha Krishnapillai and others LITERARY FIGURES Kodungallur Kunhikkuttan Thampuran, KeralaVarma Valiyakoyi Thampuran, Kandathil Varghesc Mappila. Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon, Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer, G Sankara Kurup, Changampuzha Krishna Pillai, Chandu Menon, Vaikom Muhammad Basheer. Kesav Dev, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, Ponkunnam Varky, S K Pottakkad and others Module X (b ) General Knowledge and Current Affairs
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